Source edition
Demosthenes. Orationes, Vol. I. Butcher, S. H., editor. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1903.
Source data
Perseus Digital Library · CC BY-SA (per Perseus's terms)
Cloned and adapted by Humanitext, with ongoing edits.
Summary
This political oration by Demosthenes is a passionate call to action addressed to the citizens of Athens under the growing military threat of Philip II of Macedon. The orator warns that Philip, despite the peace treaty, continues his aggressive expansions and ultimately aims to destroy Athenian democracy. To counter this existential threat, Demosthenes proposes concrete measures, including the organization of a standing army, negotiations for an alliance with the Persian King, and stricter fiscal management. He also addresses internal divisions, urging both the rich and the poor to overcome their conflicts regarding the theatrical fund (theorikon) and unite for the common good. Furthermore, he fiercely denounces the deception of pro-Macedonian politicians who encourage inaction under the guise of peace while being bribed by the enemy. Ultimately, the speech implores the Athenians to reject sweet falsehoods and immediately take active, realistic steps to defend their polis.