Source edition
Plutarch. Plutarchi Chaeronensis Moralia, Vol I. Vernardakēs, Grēgorios N., editor. Leipzig: Teubner, 1888.
Source data
Perseus Digital Library · CC BY-SA (per Perseus's terms)
Cloned and adapted by Humanitext, with ongoing edits.
Summary
This ethical treatise addresses how to utilize the inevitable presence of "enemies" in human relations for one's own moral growth and character development. Addressing Cornelius Pulcher, the author argues that, just as humans utilize wild animals and natural forces, a wise person can turn enmity to their own advantage. The core of the argument is that the constant surveillance of enemies provides a powerful motivation for self-discipline and living a blameless life. Furthermore, the author asserts that even unjust criticism from enemies should be used as an opportunity for self-reflection, and that keeping silent in the face of insults fosters high-level self-control and generosity. Ultimately, by directing innate jealousy and combativeness toward enemies, one can avoid discord with close associates and pursue true justice and virtue using the enemy's failures as negative examples. This work offers a unique perspective that redefines the enemy not as someone to be eliminated, but as the ultimate training ground for perfecting one's own virtue.